Introduction and Overview

Note

consider the usage of logging when executing long running commands:

import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO,
                    format='%(asctime)s %(message)s')

Run FEMAG with FSL

Run a single calculation (single process):

workdir = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), 'femag')
femag = femagtools.Femag(workdir)
femag.run('femag.fsl')

Run several calculations in parallel (multi processes):

engine = femagtools.multiproc.Engine()
job = engine.create_job(workdir)
for fsl in ('femag-1.fsl', 'femag-2.fsl', 'femag-3.fsl'):
    task = job.add_task()
    task.add_file(fsl)

numtasks = engine.submit()
status = engine.join()

Read BCH/BATCH File

Read a BCH file and print the machine torque:

bch = femagtools.read_bchfile('TEST_002.BCH')
print(bch.machine['torque'])

Convert a BCH file to XML by command line:

python -m femagtools.bchxml TEST_002.BCH

This command creates the file TEST_002.xml

Read I7/ISA7 File

Read an ISA7/I7 File (filename extension is optional):

>>> isa = isa7.read('foo')

Print Node coordinates:

>>> n = isa.nodes[0]
>>> print(n.x)
(0.03380740433931351)
>>> print(n.y)
(0.009058667346835136)
>>> print(n.xy)
(0.03380740433931351, 0.009058667346835136)

Get an Element by key:

>>> el = isa.elements[0]

Inspect Element properties:

>>> el.mag
(0.8485281467437744, 0.8485281467437744)
>>> el.reluc
(0.9523810148239136, 0.9523810148239136)

Get Node coordinates of Element:

>>> el_coords = [v.xy for v in el.vertices]
>>> print(el_coords)
[(0.036389999091625214, 1.142020034095026e-09),
(0.03499503806233406, 0.0005893968627788126),
(0.03500000014901161, 0.0)]

Get a SuperElement by Element:

>>> spel = isa.superelements[el.se_key]
>>> el in spel.elements
True

Plot SuperElements:

from femagtools import isa7
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from femagtools import plot

isa = isa7.read("PM_130_L4.ISA7")
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, aspect='equal')
plot.spel(isa)
plt.show()
_images/plot.png

Create FSL and/or invoke FEMAG with Model Parameters

Create a FE model from the templates stator1 and magnetSector:

machine = dict(
   name = "PM 130 L4",
   lfe = 0.1,
   poles = 4,
   outer_diam = 0.13,
   bore_diam = 0.07,
   inner_diam = 0.015,
   airgap = 0.001,

   stator = dict(
       num_slots = 12,
       mcvkey_yoke = "dummy",
       rlength = 1.0,
       stator1 = dict(
           slot_rf1 = 0.057,
           tip_rh1 = 0.037,
           tip_rh2 = 0.037,
           tooth_width = 0.009,
           slot_width = 0.003)
       ),

   magnet = dict(
       mcvkey_shaft = "dummy",
       mcvkey_yoke = "dummy",
       magnetSector = dict (
           magn_num = 1,
           magn_width_pct = 0.8,
           magn_height = 0.004,
           magn_shape = 0.0,
           bridge_height = 0.0,
           magn_type = 1,
           condshaft_r = 0.02,
           magn_ori = 2,
           magn_rfe = 0.0,
           bridge_width = 0.0,
           magn_len = 1.0 )
       ),

    windings = dict(
         num_phases = 3,
         num_wires = 100,
         coil_span = 3.0,
         num_layers = 1)
)

fsl = femagtools.create_fsl(model)
with open('femag.fsl', 'w') as f:
    f.write('\n'.join(fsl))

After opening this file in FEMAG the shown geometry is created:

_images/geom.png

The same machine and operating parameters can be used to run FEMAG directly:

femag = femagtools.Femag(workdir)

operatingConditions = dict(
  calculationMode="pm_sym_fast",
  current=50.0,
  angl_i_up=0.0,
  speed=50.0,
  wind_temp=60.0,
  magn_temp=60.0)

r = femag(machine,
          operatingConditions)

print('Torque [Nm] = {}'.format(r.machine['torque']))

Evaluate PM/Reluctance machine characteristics

Definition of the PM or Reluctance machine with Ld,Lq parameters:

p = 4
r1 = 0.0806
ls = 0.0
ld = [1.4522728e-3, 1.4522728e-3]
lq = [3.2154e-3, 3.8278836e-3]
psim = [0.11171972, 0.11171972]
i1 = [80.0]
beta = [0.0, -41.1]

pm = femagtools.machine.PmRelMachineLdq(3, p,
                                        psim,
                                        ld,
                                        lq,
                                        r1,
                                        beta,
                                        i1)

Calculation of minimal current and frequency at given torque and max voltage:

tq = 170.0
u1 = 340.0

iqx, idx = pm.iqd_torque(tq)
w1 = pm.w1_u(u1, idx, iqx)
i1 = np.linalg.norm(np.array((iqx, idx)))

(Source code, png, hires.png, pdf)

_images/pmfieldweak.png

Speed-Torque characteristics with max power:

def torque(T, pmax, wm):
    """shaft torque as a function of rotor angular speed"""
    if wm <= pmax / T:
        return T
    return pmax / wm


pmax = 60e3
n = np.linspace(0, 75, 20)
T = [torque(Tmax, pmax, 2*np.pi*nx) for nx in n]
r = pm.characteristics(T, n, u1)

(Source code, png, hires.png, pdf)

_images/pmchar.png

Execute Parameter Variations

Example: calculate torque, torque ripple and iron losses at beta=-50°,-25°,0°:

parvar = {
  "objective_vars": [
    {"name": "dqPar.torque[-1]"},
    {"name": "torque[-1].ripple"},
    {"name": "machine.plfe[-1]"}],
  "population_size": 3,
  "decision_vars": [
    {"steps": 3,
     "bounds": [-50, 0],
     "name": "angl_i_up"}
}

operatingConditions = dict(
  angl_i_up=0.0,
  calculationMode="pm_sym_fast",
  wind_temp=60.0,
  magn_temp=60.0,
  current=50.0,
  speed=50.0)

numcores = 3
engine = femagtools.multiproc.Engine(numcores)

mcvDir = os.path.join(
          os.path.expanduser('~'), 'mcv')

g = femagtools.grid.Grid(workdir,
                         magnetizingCurves=mcvDir)

results = g(parvar, pmMachine,
            operatingConditions, engine)

The variable results is a dict with the keys x and f holding the (n x m) arrays of the decision and the objective variables.

Make a Multi-Objective Optimization

Example: minimize ripple and losses and maximize torque (note the sign parameter) by varying magnet width and height

optdef = {
  "objective_vars": [
      {"name": "dqPar.torque[-1]", "desc": "Torque / Nm", "sign": -1},
      {"name": "torque[0].ripple", "desc": "Torque Ripple / Nm"},
      {"name": "machine.plfe[-1]", "desc": "Iron Loss / W" }
  ],
  "population_size": 24,
  "decision_vars": [
      {"name": "magnet.magnetSector.magn_width_pct",
       "desc": "Magn width",
       "bounds": [0.75, 0.85]},

      {"name": "magnet.magnetSector.magn_height",
       "desc": "Magn height",
       "bounds": [3e-3, 5e-3]}

  ]
}

engine = femagtools.condor.Engine()
opt = femagtools.opt.Optimizer(workdir,
                               magnetizingCurve, magnetMat)

num_generations = 3
results = opt.optimize(num_generations,
                       optdef, machine, operatingConditions, engine)